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Science 334:1097C1103 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 41. an animal model in AIDS vaccine development. INTRODUCTION Animal models Nintedanib esylate are indispensable in the development of HIV/AIDS vaccines. A comparison of the structure and function of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) derived from animal models with MAbs derived from human patients will tell us (i) how animal immune systems mimic the human immune Nintedanib esylate system in humoral responses and (ii) how animal antibodies derived by immunization differ from antibodies derived from chronically infected patients. This information will help us to optimize vaccine designs. The rabbit is usually a unique animal model with many advantages. First, rabbits are known to be able to produce high-affinity antibodies against molecules that may not be immunogenic to mice, another commonly used animal model (1). Second, studies have suggested that this rabbit immune system is more similar Nintedanib esylate to the immune systems of primates and humans Nintedanib esylate than to that of mice (2C5). Third, rabbit immunoglobulin loci have been well characterized and are relatively simple (1, 6, 7). In addition, rabbits can produce antibodies with a long complementarity-determining region (CDR) 3 in the heavy chain or CDR H3 (5), a property often found in potent human anti-HIV gp120 MAbs (8). Finally, rabbits, unlike mice, can provide a sufficient amount of serum for evaluation by neutralization and other assays. Rabbit antibodies have certain unique features (1). For the light chains, you will find four common allotypes, b4, b5, b6, and b9, all belonging to the kappa-1 gene family. For the heavy chain, about 80 to 90% make use of a VH1 germ collection gene with diversity derived from gene conversion and somatic hypermutations (9). The three major heavy-chain allotypes, a1, a2, and a3, differ in frame regions 1 and 3. Even though the rabbit heavy chain has limited combinatory possibilities, rabbits are still able to produce a diverse set of kappa genes for the light chain, resulting in Nintedanib esylate antibodies with a broad range of diversity (10). Interestingly, there is a unique interdomain disulfide bond linking the variable and constant domains of the kappa light chain, usually between residues 80 (Kabat numbering; 11) and 170 (residue 171 in the previous literature) and less frequently between residues 108 and 170 (12, 13). This disulfide bond was suggested to help increase the stability of rabbit antibodies for a long shelf life (1). We have carried out an extensive HIV/AIDS vaccine study using rabbits as the animal model and have generated a panel of rabbit MAbs that provide a unique opportunity to study their structures by protein crystallography (62). Here we present structural analyses of two rabbit MAbs against the third variable region (V3) of HIV-1 gp120. V3 plays a Rabbit Polyclonal to PKA-R2beta (phospho-Ser113) key role in virus access into the host cell, participating in the binding of the CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptor (14C17). V3 is about 35 amino acids in length, and the structure of full-length V3 in the context of the gp120 core showed that it can be divided into three regions, the base in the gp120 core (residues 296 to 300 and 326 to 331), the flexible stem (residues 301 to 303 and 319 to 325), and the crown at the distal apex (304 to 318) (18, 19). The V3 crown can be further divided into three smaller regions, the arch of the beta hairpin of the V3 crown (consisting of residues 312 to 315), the band (residues 304 to 305 and 317 to 318), and the circlet between the arch.