Blog

Data relative to SFM baseline (mean SD; ** 0.01 vs. receptor manifestation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative tensions, and cytokine secretion were evaluated. Ox-LDL-IC exhibited higher cytotoxicity than ox-LDL toward retinal pericytes. Acting through the scavenger (CD36) and IgG (CD64) receptors, low concentrations of ox-LDL-IC induced apoptosis mediated by oxidative and ER tensions, and enhanced inflammatory cytokine secretion. The data suggest that IC formation in the diabetic retina enhances the injurious effects of ox-LDL. These findings offer fresh insights into pathogenic mechanisms of DR, and may lead to fresh preventive actions and treatments. 0.05 by one-way ANOVA). The eyes were acquired and fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin within 12 h after death. For immunohistochemistry, retinal sections (5 m) were incubated over night with rabbit polyclonal anti-ox-LDL or goat polyclonal anti-human IgG antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, MA), followed by detection with fluorescence-conjugated anti-rabbit or -goat antibodies (Existence Systems, Carlsbad, CA) and confocal microscopy (Olympus, Japan) as explained (8). Absence of nonspecific cells binding by secondary antibodies was confirmed. Human LDL preparation Native LDL (N-LDL) was isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation (denseness 1.019C1.063) of new plasma pooled from 4 to 6 6 fasted healthy volunteers; ox-LDL was prepared as before (12). For preparation of insoluble ox-LDL-ICs, human being ox-LDL antibodies were isolated using a two-step protocol including Butylated hydroxytoluene affinity chromatography with immobilized protein G (Protein G-Sepharose 4 Fast Circulation; Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ) and fractionation by affinity chromatography in Sepharose-linked ox-LDL (22). Isolated ox-LDL antibodies were centrifuged (90,000 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Ox-LDL and IgG were present and colocalized in diabetic retina Number 1 shows the representative ox-LDL and IgG immunostaining in retinal sections from nondiabetic and three categories of type 2 diabetic subjects (no medical DR, NPDR, PDR). No transmission was detectable in nondiabetic retinas. Staining for ox-LDL (reddish) and IgG (green) was observed in all three diabetic organizations, increasing with DR severity. Colocalization of ox-LDL and IgG was clearly seen in the photos merging the two staining, consistent with the presence of ox-LDL-ICs in diabetic retina. Open in a separate windowpane Fig. 1. Immunostaining for ox-LDL and IgG in human being retinas. Immunohistochemistry for ox-LDL (reddish) and IgG (green) in retinal sections from four organizations: nondiabetic (no DM), diabetic without medical retinopathy (DM w/o DR), NPDR, and PDR. Merged images reveal colocalization of ox-LDL and IgG (yellow), suggesting formation of ox-LDL-ICs. ONL, outer nuclear coating; INL, inner nuclear coating; GCL, ganglion cell coating. DAPI staining was partially superimposed within the merged images to show the cell layers. Ox-LDL-ICs caused higher reductions in pericyte viability than ox-LDL As demonstrated in Fig. 2, both ox-LDL-ICs and ox-LDL decreased pericyte viability inside a dose-dependent (0C200 mg/l) and time-dependent (0C48 h) manner. There was a significant leftward shift of the dose-response relationship for ox-LDL-ICs versus ox-LDL, indicating much higher potency of Butylated hydroxytoluene ox-LDL-ICs in triggering cell death. At 50 mg/l, ox-LDL-ICs elicited cell death much earlier that ox-LDL (6 vs. 48 h). Open in a separate windowpane Fig. 2. Ox-LDL-ICs reduced pericyte viability (CCK-8) more than ox-LDL. ACC: Dose reactions to N-LDL, ox-LDL, or ox-LDL-ICs (0C200 mg/l Butylated hydroxytoluene for 24 h). DCF: Time-course reactions to 50 mg/l N-LDL, ox-LDL, or ox-LDL-ICs for 0C48 h. Data display percentage versus SFM or predose baseline (mean SD, n = 3). * 0.05, ** 0.01, *** 0.001 versus SFM or predose. CD36 and CD64 receptors mediated effects of ox-LDL-ICs To identify the receptors mediating ox-LDL-IC-induced toxicity, we examined the manifestation of CD36 (receptor for ox-LDL as well as other molecules and multi-molecular complexes), CD16 and CD32 (low-affinity IgG receptors, FcRIII and FcRII, respectively), and CD64 (high-affinity FcRI). CD36 and CD64 were indicated within the pericyte surface, but neither TRIM39 CD16 nor CD32.